The first vestiges collected come from the Theban desert ; they date back from around two million years. Around 7500 B.C., probably as a result of climate change, Egypt sees the development of agriculture, basketry, pottery and polished stone. Around 4500 B.C., several cultures appeared in Upper and Lower Egypt, two lands with strong contrast: In the south, the desert and mountain "Red Country" occupied by nomadic hunters and pastoralists; In the north, the "Black Country" of alluvial lands, occupied by sedentary peasants. These cultures persisted until the unification of Egypt, so called the Two Lands, by Narmer, circa 3000 B.C.